Resumen
Introducción. Las plantas de la familia Zingiberaceae constituyen una fuente relevante de metabolitos bioactivos con aplicaciones terapéuticas y biotecnológicas. Entre ellas, Hedychium coccineum se caracteriza por rizomas ricos en aceites esenciales AE con propiedades antimicrobianas, antioxidantes y repelentes de insectos. Objetivo. Optimizar la extracción de AE a partir de rizomas de H. coccineum mediante hidrodestilación asistida por microondas (HDAM), comparándola con pretratamiento ultrasónico (US+HDAM) y con hidrodestilación convencional (HD). Materiales y métodos. Se empleó un diseño Box-Behnken para evaluar tiempo, potencia y relación sólido-líquido, los AE se caracterizaron por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas y analizaron sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, consumo energético, emisiones de CO₂, actividad repelente frente a Sitophilus spp. y capacidad antioxidante mediante el ensayo DPPH. Resultados. El modelo de optimización mostró alta confiabilidad (R² = 0.9962, p < 0.0001) y permitió determinar condiciones óptimas para HDAM (50 min, 600 W, 1:11 g/mL), con un rendimiento de 0.2219 %. El método US+HDAM alcanzó el mayor rendimiento (0.3045 %), superando significativamente a HD (0.1846 %), además de reducir el consumo energético (≤0.535 kWh) y las emisiones de CO₂ (≤0.428 kg) en comparación con la técnica convencional (2.2 kWh; 1.76 kg). Se identificaron 32 compuestos principales, entre ellos linalool, (E)-nerolidol, acetato de bornilo y artemisia cetona. El AE mostró fuerte efecto repelente dependiente de dosis y tiempo, con porcentajes cercanos al 100 % a concentraciones ≥0.503 μL/cm² durante las primeras 12 horas, así como actividad antioxidante moderada con un IC₅₀ de 24.79 mg/mL. Conclusión. Se evidencia que las tecnologías emergentes mejoran la eficiencia, reducen el impacto ambiental y preservan la composición química del aceite, posicionando a H. coccineum como una fuente prometedora de compuestos con aplicaciones en biocontrol y formulaciones terapéuticas.
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